Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izimiso zesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje zazisetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukulawula inqubo yokukhula kwekristalu, futhi ukukhula kwekristalu kwaqala ukuvela kubuciko kuya kwisayensi. Ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo-1950, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor ezimelwe yi-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal kuye kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-crystal growth theory kanye nobuchwepheshe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-semiconductors ahlanganisiwe nezinye izinto ze-elekthronikhi, izinto ze-optoelectronic, izinto ezingezona umugqa optical, izinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting, izinto ze-ferroelectric, nezinto ze-metal single crystal kuholele ochungechungeni lwezinkinga zethiyori. Futhi izidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe zibekwa phambili kubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwekristalu. Ucwaningo ngesimiso nobuchwepheshe bokukhula kwekristalu selubaluleke kakhulu futhi seluyigatsha elibalulekile lesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje.
Njengamanje, ukukhula kwekristalu kuye kwakha kancane kancane uchungechunge lwezinkolelo zesayensi, ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula inqubo yokukhula kwekristalu. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo lwetiyori aluphelele, futhi kusekuningi okuqukethwe okuncike kokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kwekristalu yokwenziwa ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenhlanganisela yobuciko nesayensi.
Ukulungiswa kwamakristalu aphelele kudinga izimo ezilandelayo:
1.Ukushisa kwesistimu yokusabela kufanele kulawulwe ngokufanayo. Ukuze uvimbele ukupholisa ngokweqile kwendawo noma ukushisa ngokweqile, kuzothinta i-nucleation nokukhula kwamakristalu.
2. Inqubo yokwenza ikristalu kufanele ihambe kancane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuvinjwe i-nucleation ezenzakalelayo. Ngoba uma i-nucleation ezenzakalelayo yenzeka, izinhlayiya eziningi ezinhle zizokwakhiwa futhi zivimbele ukukhula kwekristalu.
3. Qondanisa izinga lokupholisa ne-crystal nucleation nezinga lokukhula. Amakristalu akhuliswa ngokufanayo, akukho gradient yokugxila kumakristalu, futhi ukwakheka akusuki ekulinganisweni kwamakhemikhali.
Izindlela zokukhula kwekristalu zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ngokuya ngohlobo lwesigaba somzali wabo, okungukuthi ukukhula kwe-ncibilikisa, ukukhula kwesixazululo, ukukhula kwesigaba somhwamuko kanye nokukhula kwesigaba esiqinile. Lezi zinhlobo ezine zezindlela zokukhula kwekristalu ziye zashintsha zaba inqwaba yamasu okukhula kwekristalu ngezinguquko ezimweni zokulawula.
Ngokuvamile, uma yonke inqubo yokukhula kwe-crystal ichithwa, kufanele okungenani ihlanganise izinqubo eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo: ukuchithwa kwe-solute, ukwakheka kweyunithi yokukhula kwe-crystal, ukuthuthwa kweyunithi yokukhula kwe-crystal ekukhuleni okuphakathi, ukukhula kwe-crystal Ukunyakaza nokuhlanganiswa isici esingaphezulu kwekristalu kanye noshintsho lwesixhumi esibonakalayo sokukhula kwekristalu, ukuze kubonwe ukukhula kwekristalu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-07-2022